@article{EURECOM+8536,
  author = {Xie, Shifeng and  Yuan, Rui and  Rossi, Simone and  Hannagan, Thomas},
  title = {The initialization determines whether in-context learning is gradient descent},
  journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research, December 2025\&\#13;\&\#10;},
  year = {2025},
  note = {© EURECOM. Personal use of this material is permitted. The definitive version of this paper was published in Transactions on Machine Learning Research, December 2025\&\#13;\&\#10; and is available at :},
}